There are three types of forests in Bangladesh, i.e. mangrove, mixed evergreen, and deciduous forests. One-tenth (9.8 percent, or 1.45 million ha) of the country’s surface area is under the forest belts, but the actual coverage of natural forests is lower than this, with most of this accounted for by the Sundarbans mangrove forest. Bangladesh has one of the world’s lowest forest-to-population ratios (<0.02 ha per person). The natural forests are the most important wildlife habitats since most of the flagship and threatened species are found there.
The mangrove forests (including coastal plantations) cover an area of 0.71 million ha along the coast, with most of this (0.58 million ha) accounted for by the Sundarbans – the largest and least disturbed forest of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh and Indian Sundarbans together form the largest single mangrove forest in the world accounting for 6 percent of all mangroves on earth. The mangrove forests are characterized by unique plants that grow below the high tide level and can survive through the use of various types of aerial roots. The vegetation is mainly composed of mangrove trees such as Sundri (Heritierafomes, Sundari), Excoecariaagallocha (Gewa), Sonneratiaapetal (Keora), Sonneratiacaseolaris (Chila/Ora) and Avicenniaspp (Baen), and smaller plants such as ceriops spp. (Goran), Phoenixpaludosa (Hental), Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans, Golpata), Acanthus ilicifolius (Hargoza), Sungrass (Imperata spp., Chhan) and Typha spp. (Hogla).
The mixed evergreen forests have become heavily fragmented but together cover an area of 0.55 million ha in the southeast and northeast of Bangladesh. Some relatively large patches of mixed evergreen forests still exist in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the southeast. The two best mixed evergreen forests in the northeast are found within Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary and LawacharaNational Park. The mixed evergreen forests are dominated by evergreen trees, but also have some deciduous trees. The principal tree species include Artocarpuschaplasha (Chapalish), Dipterocarpuspp. (Garzan), Swintoniafloribunda (Civit), Bombax spp.(Shimul), Micheliachampacea (Champa) Syzygium spp. (Jaam), Wild Mange (Mangifrealongipes, Ury-aam), Albiziaspp (Koroi), Dilleniapentagyna (Hargaza/Azuli), Lagerstroemia spp. (Jarul) and Ficus spp. (Bot). Other common plants include differenct species of bamboo (Bambusa spp., Melocann spp., etc.), epiphytes (Vanda spp., Dendrobium spp., etc. ), climbers and ferns, including the Tree-fern (Alsophila sp.).
The deciduous forest have also become largely fragmented and degraded throughout the country. The 0.12 million ha of deciduous forests are distributed in the central, northern and northwestern parts of the country. Only in the Madhupur Tract are relatively large areas of forests still existing, although they are not in a primary state. The most dominant tree species of the forest is Sal (Shorearobusta ,Shal), which forms 80 percent of the trees, but mature Sal trees in the forest are now extremely rare. Other pecies that form the vegetation include trees such as Dillieniapentagyna (Hargaza/Azuli), Adina cordifolia (Kaikka),, Ficus spp. (Bot) and Syzygium spp. (Jaam), and plants including Zizyphus spp. (Bon-boroi), Spondiasmangifrea (Bon-amra), Phyllanthusembelica (Amloki), Gloriosasuperba (Ulotchondal), Curcuma spp (Shoti), Bamboo (Bambusa spp.) and Lantana camrara. The deciduous forests have many large grassland pockets, dominated by imperata grasses.
The mangrove forests (including coastal plantations) cover an area of 0.71 million ha along the coast, with most of this (0.58 million ha) accounted for by the Sundarbans – the largest and least disturbed forest of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh and Indian Sundarbans together form the largest single mangrove forest in the world accounting for 6 percent of all mangroves on earth. The mangrove forests are characterized by unique plants that grow below the high tide level and can survive through the use of various types of aerial roots. The vegetation is mainly composed of mangrove trees such as Sundri (Heritierafomes, Sundari), Excoecariaagallocha (Gewa), Sonneratiaapetal (Keora), Sonneratiacaseolaris (Chila/Ora) and Avicenniaspp (Baen), and smaller plants such as ceriops spp. (Goran), Phoenixpaludosa (Hental), Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans, Golpata), Acanthus ilicifolius (Hargoza), Sungrass (Imperata spp., Chhan) and Typha spp. (Hogla).
The mixed evergreen forests have become heavily fragmented but together cover an area of 0.55 million ha in the southeast and northeast of Bangladesh. Some relatively large patches of mixed evergreen forests still exist in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the southeast. The two best mixed evergreen forests in the northeast are found within Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary and LawacharaNational Park. The mixed evergreen forests are dominated by evergreen trees, but also have some deciduous trees. The principal tree species include Artocarpuschaplasha (Chapalish), Dipterocarpuspp. (Garzan), Swintoniafloribunda (Civit), Bombax spp.(Shimul), Micheliachampacea (Champa) Syzygium spp. (Jaam), Wild Mange (Mangifrealongipes, Ury-aam), Albiziaspp (Koroi), Dilleniapentagyna (Hargaza/Azuli), Lagerstroemia spp. (Jarul) and Ficus spp. (Bot). Other common plants include differenct species of bamboo (Bambusa spp., Melocann spp., etc.), epiphytes (Vanda spp., Dendrobium spp., etc. ), climbers and ferns, including the Tree-fern (Alsophila sp.).
The deciduous forest have also become largely fragmented and degraded throughout the country. The 0.12 million ha of deciduous forests are distributed in the central, northern and northwestern parts of the country. Only in the Madhupur Tract are relatively large areas of forests still existing, although they are not in a primary state. The most dominant tree species of the forest is Sal (Shorearobusta ,Shal), which forms 80 percent of the trees, but mature Sal trees in the forest are now extremely rare. Other pecies that form the vegetation include trees such as Dillieniapentagyna (Hargaza/Azuli), Adina cordifolia (Kaikka),, Ficus spp. (Bot) and Syzygium spp. (Jaam), and plants including Zizyphus spp. (Bon-boroi), Spondiasmangifrea (Bon-amra), Phyllanthusembelica (Amloki), Gloriosasuperba (Ulotchondal), Curcuma spp (Shoti), Bamboo (Bambusa spp.) and Lantana camrara. The deciduous forests have many large grassland pockets, dominated by imperata grasses.
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